Nutrition Guide

Vitamin B1 (thiamine) Vitamin B2 (riboflavin) Vitamin B3 (niacin, includes nicotinic acid and nicotinamide) Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid) Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine, pyridoxal, and pyridoxamine) Vitamin B7 (biotin), also known as vitamin H Vitamin B9 (folic acid), also, vitamin M Vitamin B12 (various cobalamins; commonly cyanocobalamin in vitamin supplements)

The B vitamins are eight water-soluble vitamins that play important roles in cell metabolism. Historically, the B vitamins were once thought to be a single vitamin, referred to as vitamin B (much like how people refer to vitamin C or vitamin D). Later research showed that they are chemically distinct vitamins that often coexist in the same foods. Supplements containing all eight are generally referred to as a vitamin B complex. Individual B vitamin supplements are referred to by the specific name of each vitamin (e.g. B1, B2, B3 etc ).

The U.S. Dietary Reference Intake (DRI) for an Adequate Intake (AI) of Vitamin K for a 25-year old male is 120 micrograms/day. In 2002 it was found that to get maximum carboxylation of osteocalcin, one may have to take up to 1000 mcg of Vitamin K1. Like other liposoluble vitamins [vitamins A, D, E], vitamin K is stored in the fat tissue of the human body. Although allergic reaction is possible, there is no known toxicity associated with high doses of the phylloquinone (vitamin K1) or menaquinone (vitamin K2) forms of vitamin K and therefore no Tolerable Upper Intake Level

Vitamin K is found chiefly in leafy green vegetables such as spinach, swiss chard, and Brassica (e.g. cabbage, kale, cauliflower, broccoli, and brussels sprouts); some fruits such as avocado and kiwifruit are also high in Vitamin K. By way of reference, two tablespoons of parsley contain 153% of the recommended daily amount of vitamin K.[7]. Some vegetable oils, notably soybean, contain vitamin K, but at levels that would require relatively large caloric consumption to meet the USDA recommended levels.[8] Phylloquinone (vitamin K1) is the major dietary form of vitamin K. Menaquinone-4 and Menaquinone-7 (vitamin K2) are found in meat, eggs, dairy [9]

The products of vitamin B6 metabolism are excreted in the urine; the major product of which is 4-pyridoxic acid. It has been estimated that 40-60% of ingested vitamin B6 is oxidized to 4-pyridoxic acid. Several studies have shown that 4-pyridoxic acid is undetectable in the urine of vitamin B6 deficient subjects, making it a useful clinical marker to assess the vitamin B6 status of an individual.[2] Other products of vitamin B6metabolism that are excreted in the urine when high doses of the vitamin have been given include pyridoxal, pyridoxamine, and pyridoxine and their phosphates.

In some countries, Vitamin K is routinely given to newborn babies, orally or by injection. Vitamin K is used as prophylactic measure to prevent late-onset haemorrhagic disease (HDN). As HDN is relatively rare, some parents decline Vitamin K protocol for their newborn; most pediatricians, however, highly recommend the prophylactic dose for adequate protection. Newborns have the right amount of Vitamin K in their bodies at about eight days of age, unless HDN runs in your family, Vitamin K injections are not necessary. If you still feel it is needed, you may use an oral Vitamin K, which does not harm

Since Vitamin D is naturally produced by human body it only became a Vitamin because of cultural changes, related to civilization that reduced natural production due to less exposure of the human skin to the sun, caused by the use of more clothes and less time of outdoors exposition.[15]

The overwhelming majority of species of animals and plants synthesise their own vitamin C, making some, but not all, animal products, sources of dietary vitamin C. Vitamin C is most present in the liver and least present in the muscle. Since muscle provides the majority of meat consumed in the western human diet, animal products are not a reliable source of the vitamin. Vitamin C is present in mother's milk and, in lower amounts, in raw cow's milk, with pasteurized milk containing only trace amounts.[105] All excess vitamin C is disposed of through the urinary system. The following table shows the relative

Essential human requirements usually not considered to be nutrients: Oxygen Water Sunlight (for synthesis of Vitamin D) Essential fatty acids: Linolenic acid (the shortest chain omega-3 fatty acid) Linoleic acid (the shortest chain omega-6 fatty acid) Essential amino acids necessary for all humans: Histidine Isoleucine Lysine Leucine Methionine Phenylalanine Threonine Tryptophan Valine Essential amino acids necessary for human children and not adults: Arginine Vitamins: Biotin (vitamin B7, vitamin H) Choline (vitamin Bp) Folate (folic acid, vitamin B9, vitamin M) Niacin (vitamin B3, vitamin P, vitamin PP) Pantothenic acid (vitamin B5) Riboflavin (vitamin B2, vitamin G) Thiamine (vitamin B1) Vitamin A (retinol) Vitamin B6 (pyridoxine, pyridoxamine, or pyridoxal) Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) Vitamin D (ergocalciferol, or cholecalciferol) Vitamin E (tocopherol) Vitamin K (naphthoquinoids) Dietary minerals[2] See also: dietary minerals Calcium (Ca) Chlorine (Cl) Cobalt (Co) (as

Vitamin D is a prohormone, meaning that it has no hormone activity itself, but is converted to the active hormone 1,25-D through a tightly regulated synthesis mechanism. Production of vitamin D in nature always appears to require the presence of some UV light; even vitamin D in foodstuffs is ultimately derived from organisms, from mushrooms to animals, which are not able to synthesize it except through the action of sunlight at some point in the synthetic chain. For example, fish contain vitamin D only because they ultimately exist on calories from ocean algae which synthesize vitamin D in shallow waters

Vitamin C is the most widely taken dietary supplement.[108] It is available in many forms including caplets, tablets, capsules, drink mix packets, in multi-vitamin formulations, in multiple antioxidant formulations, and crystalline powder. Timed release versions are available, as are formulations containing bioflavonoids such as quercetin, hesperidin and rutin. Tablet and capsule sizes range from 25 mg to 1500 mg. Vitamin C (as ascorbic acid) crystals are typically available in bottles containing 300 g to 1 kg of powder (a teaspoon of vitamin C crystals equals 5,000 mg).

Cholecalciferol is a form of Vitamin D, also called vitamin D3. It is structurally similar to steroids such as testosterone, cholesterol, and cortisol (though vitamin D3 itself is a secosteroid). 1g of pure vitamin D3 is 40 000 000 (40x106) IU, or in other words, one IU is 0.025 ?g.

The vitamers of a particular vitamin are all of the chemical compounds which exhibit vitamin activity. Very commonly "vitamins" are not single compounds, but rather each vitamin, which is defined by its biological activity, not its structure, is actually represented by a number of substances, all of which show vitamin activity.[1] Typically, the vitamin activity of multiple vitamers is due to the body's limited ability to convert one vitamer to another, or many vitamers to the same enzymatic cofactor(s). This is the case even though (as part of the definition of vitamin) the body cannot completely synthesize an optimal amount

Dihydrotachysterol (DHT) is a synthetic vitamin D analog activated in the liver that does not require renal hydroxylation like vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol) and vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol). DHT has a rapid onset of action (2 hours), a shorter half-life, and a greater effect on mineralization of bone salts than does vitamin D.

A standard dose of Dianazene, according to Hubbard's 1957 book All About Radiation, contained the following ingredients: Vitamin B3 (Niacin): 200 mg Iron (Ferrous gluconate): 10 g Vitamin B1 (Thiamine): 25 mg Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin): 50 mg Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid): 200-500 mg Calcium (Dicalcium phosphate): 15-20 g [1]

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